Research Question: How does form follows function in the wartowers of Flomohori in Mani?
Candidate Name: Theodore Lekkakos
Candidate Session Number: 000816-0017
Supervisor’s Name & Title: C. L. Zafeiropoulou
Examination Session: May 2014
Date of submission:
Word Length: 3.781
Abstract
The Mani towers are an important part of traditional Greek architecture and local culture. Their development was instrumental in keeping Mani free and unoccupied throughout Greek history, regardless of the difficult situations the country was facing such as wars, occupations or pirate raids.
With the now derelict family wartower in mind, in Flomohori, Mani, the question that arose is: “How does form follow function in the wartowers of Flomohori in Mani?”
On site observation, my interview with John Lekkakos accompanied by the appropriate bibliography brought to light that the towers developed from the social conditions prevailing in Mani. Each family unit, had not only to protect its members from invasions but also from neighboring family units or clans who sought power through eliminating other clans and getting hold of their possessions and land during the infamous vendettas.
Furthermore, their characteristic stone form remained unchanged many centuries. Their height offered owners a clear view of the area and protected them from invasions and raids. The family found refuge in them during battles or feuds and were able to resist the enemy survive as well as keep their land and possessions intact.
The wartowers were had the anogi (the house where the family lived) and (katogi area to store food). They were surrounded by the family houses and supporting units such as ovens and toilets among other structures.
They were simultaneously a useful supportive unit and a valuable defensive building. Very small windows and loopholes from where the defendants could hide and spill oil but also fight effectively and labyrinths that confused the invaders before they could reach the main unit emphasize their defensive role.
All in all, form followed function in these unique structures, which is why they remained unchanged for as long as there was a use for them.
CONTENTS
Page No.
Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………1
Towers of Mani …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…...2
Bibliography and research ………………………………………………………………………………………………….3
Chapter 1
Location of Mani …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………6
Origins of the name Mani …………………………………………………………………………………………………..7
Social organization ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..7
Vendettas in Mani ………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………9
General characteristics of Flomohori ………………………………..………………………………………………9
Chapter 2
The origins of the towers …………………………………………………………………………………………………10
Types of tower ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….11
Chapter 3
Part A: External characteristics ……………………………………………………………….………………………14
Part B: Interior characteristics ………………………………………………………………………………………….17
Part C: The surroundings of the tower ……………………………………………………….…………………….19
Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………..20
List of illustrations…………………………………………………………………………….……………………………….21
Bibliography………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………23
Ιntroduction
- A map of Mani
Located in the southeastern tip of the Peloponnese, Mani occupies the middle of its three peninsulas. For many centuries in the turbulent historic periods, the geography of this mountainous and inaccessible region made the peninsula a safe refuge and base for pirate invasions and conflicts between families for which Mani is famous. With high population numbers, Mani, organized in patriarchic armed clans, strived through the centuries for survival and independence. The land planning organization of the region presents a dense framework of traditional settlements and accompanying structures such as castles, fortresses, towers and tower houses, monasteries, churches and innumerable dry stone-fenced plots.
- Tower in Mani
All these structures and buildings not only narrate the fights and struggles of the Mani people but also their sets of values for which they became known and respected at least in Greece.
“For instance, the castles are the armed expression of the warrior spirit of the area and they comprise a unique category of architectural structures all over Greece.”¹ The towers are buildings with defensive purposes built in order to protect the members of the family owning the tower. “They were created mostly to face pirate raids and potential conquerors.”²
Towers of Mani
Towers and tower houses in Mani, and more specifically in Flomohori, a small village in the East part of Mani have had a great effect on me since more than three generations of my ancestors grew up and lived their lives in a tower in this particular village.
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- Lekkakos J. , 2011, ΜΑΝΗ Τα Κάστρα και Οι Πύργοι Περιδιαβάσεις Ιστορίας (MANI The Castles And The Towers History Walkthrough), Mani: Adouloti Mani, p.116
- Lekkakos J. , 2013. The Mani Towers. Interviewed by Theodore Lekkakos [in person] [video]. Flomoxori, 30 June 2013.
Due to this fact, I believe it will be an amazing experience and challenge for me to conduct research and learn more about the architectural design and function of these buildings and, at the same time, gather information about my ancestors and how they used to live and cope in those difficult times.
In addition, collecting as much information as possible about the now derelict tower my family owned in Flomohori is an intriguing idea and something very important for me as Mani is not only a renowned area in Greece but also a source of pride for me and my origins.
The way the towers were built in order to fulfill the needs of the people and the way their form contributed to their function is an area of interest to me. Therefore, in this essay, I will refer to the ruined Lekkakos family wartower by addressing the question of how form follows function in the wartowers of Flomohori in Mani.
- Flomohori
Bibliography and research
My research will be greatly facilitated because among other bibliographical resources, I am going to use books about Mani from my father’s library. Three of these books have been written by Mr. John Lekkakos who happens to be an uncle of mine.
4. My uncle, Mr. John Lekkakos
These books contain vital information for my essay and they will be used to help me increase my knowledge about my family’s tower in Mani as well as offer me substantial information about the towers of the region and their function in general. In addition, an interview will clarify questions that have already arisen in the process of my reading the bibliography. Furthermore, a visit to Flomohori and talking and videotaping the conversation with relatives, friends and residents will give me a deeper insight about not only the buildings these people lived in and their function but also about the people of Mani.
5.Two of my relatives in Flomohori
Visiting some of the towers that still stand, so I can see how they look from the inside and observe their unique characteristics will also be a step towards an extensive analysis of them in my essay.
Structure of the essay
The essay is going to be divided in three chapters. Chapter one will contain general information about Mani in the first part and then, information about Flomohori in the second part. In the second chapter, a historical review of the towers will be given. Then, they will be categorized by date and an introduction of the kinds of towers that exist along with a general description of their characteristics will be presented. In this way, our family tower will be placed chronologically and its type established. Finally, in the first part of the third chapter, I will analyze the external characteristics of the tower and, in the second part of the chapter, its inside characteristics approximately through studying the existing towers. My extended essay will be accompanied by photographs I took of Flomohori and its towers.
Chapter 1
Location of Mani
Mani “occupies the middle peninsula of the three located in the south of the Peloponnese and constitutes a continuation of the Taygetos mountain range, one of the highest in Greece. It extends 75 kilometers from the north to the south end.”³ The mountain divides the area into two parts, the east part of Mani and the west part. The area’s terrain, being “mountainous and rocky, has caused difficulties in farming and due to its aridity, the only tree that can survive in these conditions is the olive tree.”⁴
6.The mountainous and rocky terrain of Mani.
This terrain is also connected with the dynamic character of the people living in Mani who are known for their fearless spirit especially during battles. The nature of the terrain made the area inaccessible to invaders and helped Mani to be free and remain unoccupied throughout the turbulent history of Greece.
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3. Lekkakos J., 2004. Μάνη Ερανίσματα Ιστορίας (Mani Eranismata of History), Μάνη s.n., p 19
4. Lekkakos J., 2008. Μάνη Κοινωνική Οργάνωση (Mani Social Structure), Areopoli: Adouloti Mani, p 23
Origins of the name Mani
Mani as a name for the area “was first coined by Leo the Wise and was repeated later, about the 10nth century AD, by the emperor Constantine the 6th.” ⁵ The origins of the word Mani have not been ascertained. There are many different versions about where it comes from and what it means. It is believed that “the name Mani comes from the Latin word manes, meaning the souls of the dead, and that it was given to the area because in the ancient Greek history, Mani was the place where the gate of Hades was, that is the entrance to the underworld or the world of the dead.” ⁶ Another version about the origin of the word Mani is that “it comes from the Greek word (mania) meaning ‘great fury’, and is connected with the warrior spirit of the people in the area and the way they fought and resisted.” ⁷
Social organization
Throughout history, Mani has been renowned for its experienced and fierce warriors, not surprisingly, considering the fact that its regime and organization had roots in military Sparta. Because of the lack of central government, the society in Mani was organized in clans or groups called “patries”. Each group consisted of members of the same family and every family had its own tower to defend its members from invaders, pirates and vendettas which were rife among different families who fought each other. The family usually gathered its members against another family, on the occasion of a vendetta, their numbers depending on the gravity of the cause. The aim of a vendetta was to eliminate the other family.
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5. Lekkakos J., 2008. Μάνη Κοινωνική Οργάνωση (Mani Social Structure), Areopoli: Adouloti Mani, p.25
6. ibid p. 26
7. ibid p. 26
Vendettas in Mani
Vendettas would take place regardless of the situation the country was in, mainly because Mani was far from the main action and because land was scarce and extremely precious in this region. In addition, because of the existence and frequency of the vendettas, an amazing defense system was built with the towers and castles that kept Mani safe from invasions. My family for example, was also involved in a vendetta which “lasted for many years before the revolution in 1821 with a family called Felourides during which many people from both sides were killed.”⁸ However, the feud took place long ago and sources about it are limited.
General characteristics of Flomohori
Flomohori is a village in the eastern part of Mani and a “part of Flomohori called Tefthroni has been inhabited from the ancient times”⁹.
7.Tefthroni
Furthermore, Flomohori is built on a mountain cliff on whose top is a church called Saint George, who is believed to be the protector of the village. “The village is located 143 meters above the sea level”¹⁰ and covers not more than one square kilometer. Its multiple towers stand out like skyscrapers. Although Flomohori is considered to be a small village, it has one of the tallest towers in Mani. This tower belongs to the Panteleakos family. Just a few families still live in the village as most left for the city around the 50’s and 60’s.
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8. Lekkakos J. , 2013. The Mani Towers. Interviewed by Theodore Lekkakos [in person] [video]. Flomoxori, 30 June 2013.
9. Anon, n.d. , www.mani.org.gr.[online] Available at: http://www.mani.org.gr/arhitektoniki/pir/pirgoi.htm [Date Accessed 7 August 2013]
10. Anon, n.d. , www.buk.gr.[online] Available at: http://buk.gr/el/poli-perioxi/flomohori
[Date Accessed 7 August 2013]
8.Tower of Panteleakos in Flomohori
However, the few inhabitants left, who still live there, maintain the towers inherited by their ancestors. Most of them are distant relatives, although their surnames may be different. Our family tower, which was in Flomohori, was destroyed but ones belonging to relatives still stand proud. These towers are similar to the one my family used to own so, it will be easy through the examination of these structures to imagine what the family tower may have looked like.
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9.Two towers one near the other belonging to my relatives
Chapter 2
The origins of the towers
The origin of the towers has not yet been certified. It is believed that since they have some characteristics in common in their architectural structure with the towers in San Gimignano in Italy, they may have originated from there. ” ¹¹ San Gimignano is a village in Italy that has towers of a similar architectural structure to those in Mani, but they were built long before those in Mani. 
10.Towers in San Gimignano
Some of its residents, who moved to Mani, obviously brought with them their architectural style and methods and started building the first towers around the “13th century AD.” ¹²
The towers are separated into two main types relating to when they were built. The “Proepanastatikoi” towers, meaning built before the Greek revolution of 1821, and the “Metaepanastatikoi”, which means built after the revolution. “The ones built before the revolution, were built at a time when Mani was affluent and had a new material available, mortar, which helped local people build these magnificent structures to be stronger and more durable.” ¹³
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11. Lekkakos J. , 2011, ΜΑΝΗ Τα Κάστρα και Οι Πύργοι Περιδιαβάσεις Ιστορίας (MANI The Castles And The Towers History Walkthrough), Mani: Adouloti Mani, p.116
12. ibid
13. Saitas J., 1992. Ελληνική Παραδοσιακή Αρχιτεκτονική ΜΑΝΗ (Greek Traditional Architecture MANI), Athens: Melissa, p.45
On the other hand, “after the revolution, Mani was not ruined as were other areas in Greece so, the local people kept building towers but with more care because now they had mastered the know-how.”¹⁴ Our family’s tower belonged to the ones before the revolution. The methods used to build the towers in Mani also resemble those the Francs used to build their fortresses. “It must be noted that from the 11th century, there were parts of Greece under the command of the Francs.”¹⁵ The Francs started to build fortresses and towers in these areas to defend them. So it could be said that the structure of the towers in Mani combine elements from the Franc and San Gimignano towers.
11. Opening for the barrel of the gun
Types of towers
In Mani, as my uncle explained, there were three types of towers which differed depending on their use and the location they were built in. Wartowers were constructed in order to protect an area in which houses belonging to the same family as the tower existed. It was situated in the center and the houses were around it. They were built by families with many members who could not all live in one house as was the case in the tower-houses. The tower belonging to my family was a wartower.
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14. Saitas J., 1992. Ελληνική Παραδοσιακή Αρχιτεκτονική ΜΑΝΗ (Greek Traditional Architecture MANI), Athens: Melissa, p.48
15. Anon, n.d. , www.greekhistoryevents.pblogs.gr.[online] Available at: http://greekhistoryevents.pblogs.gr/tags/fragkoi-stin-ellada-gr.html [Date Accessed 18 September 2013]
12. What remains from my family’s wartower.
The tower-houses, on the other hand, are the second and most common type of towers in Mani. In the tower-houses, the tower and the house are one. The tower was where the families lived not only during an invasion by also during the rest of the time. Everything that the family needed was stored within. For instance, animal food and water were kept in a cellar under the tower. The living area inside the tower consisted of bedrooms where the family slept protected whilst the male members of the family were on guard or fought in the tower.
The last type of tower is the tower dwelling. “Tower dwellings were built to protect small family groups in the same village, who fought among each other. These towers appeared after the Turks were defeated.” ¹⁶
13. A contemporary addition of a wooden staircase with wooden rails attached to the walls
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16. Anon, n.d. , www.insidemani.gr.[online] Available at: http://www.insidemani.gr/2011/02/tower-houses/ [Date Accessed 6 August 2013]
Although Flomohori is a very small village, I was impressed to find that there were so many towers. They stood out to such an extent that it looked as if every house had one. My relatives all allowed me to visit their towers which are of major importance to both the village and my family. However, their interiors differed.
Some had more expansive floor space and the floors were more easily accessible, others had been painted by the families and some had other elements added to them. Based on the descriptions of the elderly inhabitants and older relatives, I was able to discern that the family’s tower, which does not exist anymore, did not differ all that much from the others in the village at least in relation to its main characteristics. It too was a wartower which means that the tower and the house were separate.
14.The wartower of my family in Flomohori.
The tower was destroyed because at that time it could no longer house the family members so, it was pulled down. However, the house still remains and it is inhabited. Through the study of the other towers in Flomohori, I was able to study and gain more information about how ours would have been like.
Chapter 3
Architectural structure
In an attempt to analyze the form of the tower that belonged to my family, I visited and studied many different towers in the village of Flomohori. Based on my uncle’s description of the tower that belonged to my family, one that shares similar characteristics with it, is the tower of the Panteleakos family which still stands. Thus, I will analyze the architectural structure of this tower starting from the outside characteristics and then, I will proceed to the interior characteristics of the tower. My research is mostly based on bibliography that I have for the towers and their architecture and on observation from my visit to this specific tower, and the remains of ours.
15. Tower of the Panteleakos family in Flomohori
Part A: External characteristics
As already mentioned, the wartowers are imposing stone mansions and they are the most common type of tower in Mani. They were built of stone that was mined from the area around the villages, since Mani is a rocky and barren place. The wartowers are buildings “with rectangle shape almost square. In the years following the revolution of 1821 the height of the towers reached almost 20 meters”¹⁷
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17. Saitas J., 1992. Ελληνική Παραδοσιακή Αρχιτεκτονική ΜΑΝΗ (Greek Traditional Architecture MANI), Athens: Melissa, p.135
whereas before they averaged 12-15 meters. This would have been approximately the height of our tower. So, the tower usually was “5 meters wide at its base and 4 meters at the top.”¹⁸ The thickness of the walls was “1.5 meters at the bottom and 0.80 meters at the top.” ¹⁹ The walls were built with “carved stones or were dry stone walls which means they were built without mortar. Mortar was used only for the base of the tower so that the surface of the construction would be more stable but also smoother and flatter to prevent climbing from invaders”²⁰. In the corners of the tower, there was bitumen placed contributing to its increased stability and security. On one of these stones in the middle of the front wall, usually on the right side, the date the tower was built was engraved.
16. The date that the tower was built is engraved on the stone
I observed that the walls were built with big stones which were placed one over the other. At the bottom of every window outside the tower they put two stones with a gap between them so they could spill hot oil on enemies without being spotted. All the cooking facilities where near the tower in the house where the family used to sleep. The house was equipped with a kitchen and a bedroom and had access to the storage, “katogi”, where they kept their food supplies.
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18. Saitas J., 1992. Ελληνική Παραδοσιακή Αρχιτεκτονική ΜΑΝΗ (Greek Traditional Architecture MANI), Athens: Melissa, p.135
19. ibid
20. ibid p.138
The tower of Panteleakos family has 5 floors and on every floor, as it would have been the case with our tower as well, there are small windows that lighten the internal dark spaces measuring approximately 30x40 cm. Except for the windows, mainly on the upper floors, there are also loopholes for the guns, just big enough to fit the barrel of the weapons. Each floor had two loopholes and one window. Furthermore, on the terrace there are holes in every corner through which the family threw hot oil to burn the enemies that approached the tower. These holes were called “zematistres” and they were placed in key positions under which the attacker was certain to pass. For example, they can be found over doors or passages incorporated within the walls of the house.
17. The holes in the corners of the terrace, “zematistres”.
The terrace was also used as an observation point since it offered a panoramic view of the village and the area around it.
18. The view from the terrace of Panteleakos family tower
The entrance to the tower is through a narrow door that is 3 meters above the ground, a common characteristic with all the towers. The door was made out of wood and it was very difficult to open. Behind the door there was an ambergris that locked the door if needed. The tower was connected with the inner communal yard of the houses of the family so it could protect them all. Hence, the members of the family had immediate access to the tower if there was an emergency. Most towers had characteristics that showed the family origins. These were incorporated into the walls of the tower as the date was. In some towers, such sculpted images did not have to be something specific, they could just be symbols believed to ward off evil. My family has a sculptured image that represents the faces of the three brothers of the family who gave it our surname and there is a boat sculpted underneath the faces as a reminder that they came from the sea.
Part B: Interior characteristics
The interior of the tower is of great architectural interest. It pertains five floors each one of which is separated from the other by a wooden floor supported on beams planted in the stone walls. “Each floor has a height of over 3 meters and the area of each floor is about 10m², with internal dimensions 3x3 m².”²¹ On each floor one can notice small windows surrounded by four large stones. These were essential for lighting. On the upper floor, beside the windows, there are holes in the corners that were used for aiming and shooting at enemies. These holes were called “gunholes.” Our tower, like all the towers, comprised two main areas, the “katogi” and the “anogi”. The storage space was called “katogi” (area below the earth) and there was where the family kept their food and animals during the fights. Then, there was the main house that was the part of the tower which was called “anogi” which means area above the earth, where the families sought protection during invasions.” ²²
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21. Saitas J., 1992. Ελληνική Παραδοσιακή Αρχιτεκτονική ΜΑΝΗ (Greek Traditional Architecture MANI), Athens: Melissa, p.135
22. Lekkakos J. , 2013. The Mani Towers. Interviewed by Theodore Lekkakos [in person]. Flomohori, 30 June 2013.
The towers usually had 4 or 5 floors. Each one had a gap in the floor through which a narrow staircase connected the floors. The staircases were very difficult to climb because they were carved in the walls of the tower. Because of this, the generation that now owns the towers in Flomohori have added wooden staircases to make climbing the stairs easier for tourists and visitors. The floors intercommunicated with hatches or "kataraktes" and access to them was through steep wooden stairs or stones built in the walls which were difficult to climb.
19. A hatch (kataraktis)
On the top floor, many towers, such as the Panteleakos family tower, had a vaulted roof top to ensure that it could hold the weight of the warriors and the structure itself. In other types of wartowers, there was a vaulted ceiling also in the basement that was used for storage. This existed because the family was unable to leave the tower during an invasion so they had to keep their supplies somewhere inside the building. The space that fulfilled this kind of need was developed in the basement of the tower due to the fact that the basement had low temperatures and it was dark, so, it was suitable for storing things.
20. The storage “katogi” of the tower
The storage place also had a cistern for the water supply. A characteristic of the basement is that the walls were created out of stones and mortar which made them more resistant to earthquakes.
Part C: The surroundings of the tower
The wartower was the main building in the complex of the family houses. The composition of the tower and the houses constituted a compact unit with an interior yard and all of these structures were separated from the rest of the village with a tall stonewall. “The entrance to the complex was through a controlled and vaulted passage.”²³ One had to know how to circulate through a labyrinth of walls and auxiliary buildings in order to enter the complex. In the yard, there was an oven and a cistern to ensure autonomy in case of siege.
With the passing of time, the family became larger with children and grandchildren and “when the tower could not support the family anymore they built a new tower in the village to cover the extended family needs.”²⁴ In the middle of the 20th century, our family did not build new towers because there was no need to do so due to the fact that the conflicts, vendettas, wars and invasions has diminished by this time.
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23. Saitas J., 1992. Ελληνική Παραδοσιακή Αρχιτεκτονική ΜΑΝΗ (Greek Traditional Architecture MANI), Athens: Melissa, p.144
24. ibid
Conclusion
To sum up, “the towers of Mani are considered to be an instrumental part of the traditional Greek architecture”²⁵ since they have existed and been maintained for more than 5 generations of Greeks, despite the adverse times the country went through. Wartowers are a peculiar and unique category of traditional architectural buildings in Greece that during the war of independence against the Turks played a major role in warding off the enemy. Therefore, their form and function is fully connected to the fearless spirit of the residents during battles since the towers are an armed expression of the warrior spirit that is a trait of the people of Mani. The main external characteristics of the wartowers, including the now derelict family tower, which are spread all over the area, were the 4-5 storey high tower with very durable thick stone walls, the small windows with divided ledges to pour oil on the enemy, loopholes and vaulted roofs to sustain the weight of the fighters and family members. On the other hand, the interior characteristics of the cool, vaulted storing space called “katogi’ and the small living spaces that were connected with a narrow staircase and which was called the “anogi”, made the life of the Mani people very stark indeed. The life of every citizen of Mani was connected to the way the tower stood throughout the years and the fights. Their form along with their function was important for defense purposes, since Mani is one of the most strategically important areas in Greece. Nevertheless, it has been a great experience looking into family history and examining towers similar to ours. On a personal level, I had the opportunity to learn more things about my roots, my ancestors and how they used to live during these difficult times.
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25. Anon, n.d. , www.dimosdytikismanis.gr.[online] Available at: http://www.dimosdytikismanis.gr/quide/%CE%B1%CE%BE%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B8%CE%AD%CF%84%CE%B1/%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B9-%CF%80%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BF%CE%B9/ [Date Accessed 16 September 2013]
Bibliography
Books
1. Lekkakos J., 2004. Μάνη Ερανίσματα Ιστορίας (Mani Eranismata of History), Μάνη s.n.
2. Lekkakos J., 2008. Μάνη Κοινωνική Οργάνωση (Mani Social Structure), Areopoli: Adouloti Mani
3. Lekkakos J., 2011, ΜΑΝΗ Τα Κάστρα και Οι Πύργοι Περιδιαβάσεις Ιστορίας (MANI The Castles And The Towers History Walkthrough), Mani: Adouloti Mani
4. Saitas J., 1992. Ελληνική Παραδοσιακή Αρχιτεκτονική ΜΑΝΗ (Greek Traditional Architecture MANI), Athens: Melissa
Websites
1. Anon, n.d., www.buk.gr.[online] Available at: http://buk.gr/el/poli-perioxi/flomohori
[Date Accessed 7 August 2013]
2. Anon, n.d., www.dimosdytikismanis.gr.[online] Available at: http://www.dimosdytikismanis.gr/quide/%CE%B1%CE%BE%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B8%CE%AD%CF%84%CE%B1/%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B9-%CF%80%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BF%CE%B9/ [Date Accessed 16 September 2013]
3. Anon, n.d., www.greekhistoryevents.pblogs.gr.[online] Available at: http://greekhistoryevents.pblogs.gr/tags/fragkoi-stin-ellada-gr.html [Date Accessed 18 September 2013]
4. Anon, n.d., www.insidemani.gr.[online] Available at: http://www.insidemani.gr/2011/02/tower-houses/ [Date Accessed 6 August 2013]
5. Anon, n.d , www.mani.org.gr.[online] Available at: http://www.mani.org.gr/arhitektoniki/pir/pirgoi.htm [Date Accessed 7 August 2013]
Interview
Lekkakos J. , 2013. The Mani Towers. Interviewed by Theodore Lekkakos [in person] [video]. Flomoxori, 30 June 2013.
List of illustrations
Cover page
Lekkakos,T.,2013.View of Flomohori.[photograph].
Introduction
- [A map of Mani] n.d.[image online] Available at:< http://www.elaionas-studios.gr/wwwgreek/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82%20%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%B3%CF%8C%CF%82%20%CE%B3%CF%8D%CE%B8%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF%20%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%20%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B7.htm>.p.1
- Lekkakos,T.,2013.Tower in Mani.[photograph].p.2
- Lekkakos,T.,2013.Flomohori.[photograph].p.3
- Lekkakos,T.,2013.My uncle, Mr. John Lekkakos.[photograph].p.4
- Lekkakos,T.,2013.Two of my relatives in Flomohori.[photograph].p.4
Chapter 1
- Lekkakos,T.,2013.The mountainous and rocky terrain of Mani.[photograph].p.6
- Lekkakos,T.,2013.Tefthroni.[photograph].p.8
- Lekkakos,T.,2013.Tower of Panteleakos in Flomohori.[photograph].p.9
- Lekkakos,T.,2013.Two towers one near the other belonging to my relatives.[photograph].p.9
Chapter 2
- [Towers in San Gimignano] n.d. [image online] Available at:
Canneta.com>[Accessed 1 September 2013]p.10 - Lekkakos,T.,2013.Opening for the barrel of the gun.[photograph].p.11
- Lekkakos,T.,2013.What remains from my family’s wartower.[photograph].p.12
- Lekkakos,T.,2013.A contemporary addition of a wooden staircase with wooden rails attached to the walls.[photograph].p.12
- Lekkakos,T.,2013.The wartower of my family in Flomohori.[photograph].p.13
Chapter 3
- Lekkakos,T.,2013.Tower of the Panteleakos family in Flomohori.[photograph].p.14
- Lekkakos,T.,2013.The date that the tower was built is engraved on the stone.[photograph].p.15
- Lekkakos,T.,2013.The holes in the corners of the terrace, “zematistres”.[photograph].p.16
- Lekkakos,T.,2013.The view from the terrace of Panteleakos family tower .[photograph].p.16
- Lekkakos,T.,2013.A hatch (kataraktis).[photograph].p.18
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